Artificial Intelligence is a field of science that has several goals. The first, often called "weak" AI, is the effort to design and implement computer systems that can perform tasks requiring intelligence when performed by humans. AI in computer games, knowledge based systems and such are typical examples of this branch. The second, less tangible branch, often called "strong" AI, is the research that ultimatly aims to build artificial systems that display real intelligence. It does this by trying to understand or model the nature of human intelligence. Both branches are multidisciplinary, in that they have close relations with the fields of computer science, philosophy, medicine, psychology, biology and linguistics.

A prescribed finite set of well defined rules or processes for the solutions of a problem in a finite number of steps. Explained in simple English, it is the mathematical formula for an operation, such as computing the check digits on packets of data that travel via packet switched networks.

The field of Home Automation is expanding rapidly as electronic technologies converge. The home network encompasses communications, entertainment, security, convenience and information systems. This category holds sites of broad scope on the topic.

Computer programming is the art of writing software, instructions for computers to follow. At the base level, as understood by the computer, these instructions are written in machine code, or binary, pure numbers, quite difficult for humans to read and write. At a slightly higher level, these codes correspond to assembly language, short mnemonics for individual computer operations, that still correspond one to one with what the machine actually does. This is still unstructured, terse, and difficult to read or write in. Most programming is done in higher level, compiled languages, or even interpretedthat look like a cross between English and Algebra, and allow various abstractions depending on the language, such as encapsulation, function calls, data hiding, and more, to enable people reading and writing programs to deal with the vast quantity of information that the computer actually handles. Respectively, a compiler program translates these languages to machine code to be executed directly, or a separate interpreter program itself takes these statements and executes them as an intermediary.

Robotics is a term coined by Isaac Asimov to describe the field of science involving robots and related technologies. So what is a robot? The word comes from a 1923 Czech play called R.U.R. and described autonomous, humanoid robot servants. The original Czech word was robota, which means "servitude or forced labor". According to the Syrius Cybernetics Corporation of Douglas Adams' Hitchiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a robot is "your plastic pal who's fun to be with". A more conventional definition is, "A mechanical device that sometimes resembles a human and is capable of performing a variety of often complex human tasks". There are many other definitions, some a bit too narrow and some far too broad. We try to be as inclusive as possible, accepting sites about hobby robotics, industrial robotics, even those about the radio-controlled entertainment vehicles of "Robot Wars". Enjoy our selections. And if you don't agree with some of our choices, rest easy in the knowledge that someone else out there wouldn't agree with yours.

Parallel computing is the science and art of programming computers that can do more than one operation at once, concurrently, during the same cycle, often via having more than one processor. Some parallel computers are just regular workstations that have more than one processor in them; others are giant single computers with many processors (these are generally referred to as supercomputers); and others are networks of individual computers. A network of computers configured to coordinate on computing problems is also called a cluster. Parallel computers can run some types of programs far faster than traditional single processor computers, often termed the von Neumann architecture. Programs that work on a single-processor computer don't automatically work on a parallel computer. Programmers must explicitly specify how to divide up the computing work between all available nodes. Information about writing programs especially for parallel computers is in Parallel_Computing/Programming. Many people have written libraries to help programmers write programs for parallel computers. Parallel computing is a very similar field to distributed computing. Both types of computing involve breaking apart a problem into many pieces and assigning each part to a computer, but the nodes of a distributed computer normally not communicate with each other while performing their computations, because they may be great distances apart. Sites related to distributed computing are in Computers/Computer_Science/Distributed_Computing. Information about supercomputers is located in Computers/Supercomputing.

Chemistry is typically defined as the science that studies the composition, structure, and transformation of matter. It has been called "the central science" because of the way it is related with all the other sciences. Chemistry bridges the gap between physics and biology; it is a "helper science" in almost many technical disciplines; and it occupies a prominent position in industry between the extraction of raw materials and the manufacture of finished products. Of course, it is chemists who call it this way; other scientists may have different perspectives. Chemistry is also distinguished from some other sciences because it creates its own object of study: chemists can imagine and create new compounds that have never existed in nature, so they are not constrained to what already exists, but only to what can be done.

Material science is concerned with understanding the properties of materials and how to create new ones.

Biology = Life Sciences Some of the major fields in the life sciences include botany, zoology, microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, ecology. Some areas of biology are closely aligned to medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for?

This category is for speculation and research about the future, including competing views by futurists.

This Electronics and Electrical sector category includes industries and companies that manufacturer electronic and electrical components, equipment, and hardware, and manufacturers of materials, supplies, tools, components and equipment that are specific to the manufacture of electronics and electrical components.

Sites for industries and companies that manufacture, distribute and sell finished electronics and electrical products (e.g. home appliances, radios, TVs, etc.) are not listed here.

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This category is for companies that provide CAD (Computer Aided Design) services. This category is also appropriate for CAD association or organization web sites or member directories.

Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways for an organization to use the basic factors of production - people, machines, materials, and energy. Sites listed in this category will offer services, that include production and inventory control management, optimization the use of various resources, human factors and usability engineering, work measurement, quality management, compensation and policy analysis, constraint management and facilities layout and design.

Civil Engineering

This category is a combination of company listings and informational/resource Web sites for Civil Engineering.

The main Engineering category page contains only listings of informational/resource Web sites of interest to Engineers. Informational resources specific to a certain Engineering field are listed under that sub-category.

No companies are listed directly under Engineering, but are listed in their most appropriate subcategories of Engineering, such as Engineering:Civil.

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If you do not see a subcategory that you think should be included included in Business:Industries:Engineering,
please email an Editor in the Business: or Business/Industrial_Goods_and_Services section and ask them to consider including the new subcategory. (You may find a list of editors at the bottom of the category pages.)

This subcategory contains information pertaining to employee compensation and benefits. This includes wages, medical insurance, leave plans, retirement plans, 401(k)plans, cafeteria plans and other related information.