Topic search for theory - Topodia makes research easy.

algorithms , data structures , luc devroye , class notes , algorithm

A prescribed finite set of well defined rules or processes for the solutions of a problem in a finite number of steps. Explained in simple English, it is the mathematical formula for an operation, such as computing the check digits on packets of data that travel via packet switched networks.

Cognitive Science

cognitive science , mit press , review , evolution , mental models

Cognitive science topics which may span one or more specific sciences including psychology and medicine. Sites, works and indices that assume a scientific model in their processes, references or information gathering and summary.

Logic and Foundations

computability logic , del , formal language , theorems , system

This category is about mathematical logic and foundations of mathematics. (So it roughly corresponds to category 03-XX in the 1991 Mathematical Sciences Classification.) Major related subjects outside mathematics are computer science at one end, and philosophical logic at the other. If you are looking for basic, non-technical information on logic, you may want to look at the subcategories Encylopedia Articles and Educational Resources. If you think your site or one that you have come across fits here: please submit it. If not sure give it to us anyway ... we will do our best to find where it belongs.

Physics

physics , science , extra dimensions , loop quantum gravity , user comments

"Physics is the study and application of the fundamental laws of nature, including the laws of motion, gravity, electromagnetism, heat, and microscopic interactions. These laws govern the behavior of objects at all scales, from the smallest subatomic particles to the entire observable universe. In between, physicists study nuclear reactions, the interactions of atoms with light, properties of solids, chaotic dynamics of fluids, and the evolution of stars and galaxies, among many other applications."

If this doesn't tickle your fancy, there is always the quote from Rutherford: "In science, there is only physics; all the rest is stamp collecting."

Skeptical Inquiry

science , review , skepticism , astrology , scientific method

Critical evaluation of alternative science, paranormal phenomena, news reports about science, etc.

Sociology

sociology , journal , research , university , sociologists

Sociology encompasses and overlaps many fields involves in the study of social relationships and institutions, including organizational behavior, societal development and structure, and cross-cultural interaction. The term "sociology" as the scientific analysis of collective human behavior was coined in 1838 by Auguste Comte, but Max Weber and ?mile Durkheim are generally credited as the founders of the modern field. The listings in this category are self-consciously restricted to links offering academic content or information. This also means that commercial sites that don't provide academic content (e.g., book sellers as compared to academic journal sites maintained by publishers) will not be listed.

Anomalies and Alternative Science

science , correlation function , superstitions , planetary fluctuations , diagonal method

Science is constantly reshaping itself through unexpected observations, new ideas, and revisions to old theories. While terms like "anomalies" or "alternative" may seem pejorative from an orthodox perspective, from an historical view these are the topics are the very life-blood of science. We must have heretics and revolutionaries challenging our beliefs, and advancing the state of the believable, otherwise science will stagnate into dogma.

Quantum Computing

photon , alice , quantum information , quantum , photons

Science

computer , science , computers , improbable research , solar cells

Sites in this category contain jokes, essays, songs, students' test answers and other humorous content pertaining to science, math, engineering and statistics.

Educational Resources

osgood file , science , america radio reports , scientists , full story

Science educational resources are educational products and services for teachers and students in the general field of science or cover more than one specialty in science. Some examples of webpages to be listed here include science workbooks, class activities, lesson plans, and mentoring programs.

Behavior Analysis

positive reinforcement , autism , target behavior , psychology , cooperative play

The study of human and animal behavior as well as the method of utilizing observable behavior of organisms as a basis of data gathering, analysis, or inference.

Game Theory

game theory , economic theory , department , faculty , economics

Game theory is a mathematical theory of strategic interaction developed by economists, mathematicians and biologists.

Audio and Video

tube amplifier , amplifier , program , amplifiers , tube

This category is for sites that are related to the science and study of audio and video electronics. It is not for sites that manufacture or sell audio and video equipment. Sites that manufacture or sell audio and video equipment should be listed in the appropriate category elsewhere in the directory.

Television

ntsc , pal , mhz , subcarrier frequency , united kingdom

Chaos and Fractals

fractals , fractal , mandelbrot , iterations , complex plane

A fractal is a chaotic mathematic object which can be divided into parts, each of which is similar to the original object. Fractals are said to possess infinite detail, and are generally self-similar and independent of scale. In many cases a fractal can be generated by a repeating pattern, typically a recursive or iterative process. The term fractal was coined in 1975 by Benoît Mandelbrot, from the Latin fractus or "broken"/"fraction". Chaos theory, in mathematics and physics, deals with the behavior of certain nonlinear dynamical systems that (under certain conditions) exhibit the phenomenon known as chaos, most famously characterised by sensitivity to initial conditions. Systems that exhibit mathematical chaos are deterministic and thus orderly in some sense; this technical use of the word chaos is at odds with common parlance, which suggests complete disorder.

Algebra

double cover , jordan algebra , mathematics , abstract , matrices

Algebra is a branch of mathematics that uses letters or other symbols to represent unknown quantities, called variables. These variables and number values are combined to form equations. The rules of these equations follow the exact same rules as arithmetic, such as the commutative and associative laws for addition and multiplication. Functions are a special type of equation, where one variable can be uniquely defined in terms of the other. Another part of this topic is graphing of equations and functions using the Cartesian coordinate graph or polar coordinates. Also, covered in this topic is set theory or what constitutes a grouping of numbers.

Topology

manifold , topology , algebraic topology , new york , manifolds

Set Theory

axiom , university , equivalence relation , natural numbers , mathematics

Chaos

chaos theory , initial conditions , l-systems , systems , dynamical systems

Chaos theory, in mathematics and physics, deals with the behavior of certain nonlinear dynamical systems that (under certain conditions) exhibit the phenomenon known as chaos, most famously characterised by sensitivity to initial conditions. Systems that exhibit mathematical chaos are deterministic and thus orderly in some sense; this technical use of the word chaos is at odds with common parlance, which suggests complete disorder.

Number Theory

number theory , program , digits , iterations , integers

Number theory addresses problems about integer and rational numbers. It includes congruences, divisibility, primes, and Fermat's Last Theorem.

Operations Research

report bad link , operations research , global optimization , university , journal

The study of operations research (OR) is concerned with mathematical methods and tools for solving problems relating to the allocation of scarce resources subject to constraints. Frequently these problems have to do with determining the least cost or greatest profit possible for a cost or profit function subject to constraints such as capacities and required amounts over a very large number of variables. Important problems within this space include minimum cost routing problems, network maximum flow or minimum cost flow problems, and machine scheduling problems. The growing trends in OR increasingly utilize applications of more than one technique and involve individuals from other disciplines. Moreover, they involve a blend of "hard" and "soft" as well as a mixing of different "hard" or "soft" techniques with the increasing use of multiple methods within one piece of analysis. A creative thinking must look in detail at how those from disciplines outside of OR can come to work in the organizations on multi-disciplinary studies. Those who have come from such backgrounds, clearly share their perspectives and experiences. The field of OR is always changing. Its changes are driven by the technology it uses and that it extends, and the applications that it affects.

Category Theory

category , category theory , morphisms , categories , peripatetic seminar

Knot Theory

crossings , dna , knots , borromean rings , fishing knots

Knots, braids, tangles: papers, software and pictures.

Diophantine Equations

egyptian fractions , equation , integer numbers , integer solutions , solutions

In this category are included any equation or set of equations where the unknowns must be integer numbers. It includes Fermat Last Theorem as a special case.

Earthquakes

software , university , seismic data , single supply , microprocessors

Earthquake - A sudden movement of the earth's crust caused by the release of stress accumulated along geologic faults or by volcanic activity. Also called seism, temblor.

Education

courses , aesthetics , science , ethics , philosophy

This category is devoted to the teaching of philosophy. It is supposed to provide resources for philosophy teachers, mostly at the college and university level, including sites on pedagogy in philosophy teaching, the teaching of particular subject areas, syllabi, handouts, etc. Philosophy sites which are of use mostly for students of philosophy, including online courses and course websites with substantial philosophical content should go in the most appropriate subcategory of Society/Philosophy.

Continental Philosophy

leiter , continental philosophy , critical theory , russian philosophy , department

Relativity

general relativity , relativity , einstein , general theory , black holes

Classical mechanics generalized (extended) to realm of high velocities (special relativity), and strong gravitational fields (general relativity). In particular, the theory that time and space form a single 'spacetime' which is curved in the presence of energy and mass.

Stem Cells

stem cells , mike allen , scientists , embryonic stem cells , embryo

Science

science , scientific revolution , electrical machine , full text , internet archive

Covers the development of science within a regional, topical, social or political context. Many scientific discoveries were influenced or hindered by the political and cultural climate of the times.

Time Travel

time machine , time travel , einstein , mallett , dial

In this category you can find everything on the possibilities of time travel (illusion or reality?) in the framework of Einstein's theory of relativity.

Alexander Technique

alexander technique , alexander , technique , special edition e-journal , london

The Alexander Technique is a long-established method of helping people learn how to release harmful physical stress from their body - stress that can result in such symptoms as backache, stiff neck and shoulders and a variety of repetitive strain injuries. It is also widely used by performers who wish to improve the quality of their work.

Cultural Anthropology

culture , womanist theology , queer theory , anthropology , evolution

To anthropologists, culture is the complex of learned, non-genetic behavior shared by the members of a society. Cultural anthropologists document the cultures of specific societies, and/or compare different societies in order to derive general principles of cultural evolution and human adaptation. It is the emphasis on cross-cultural comparison that helps distinguish cultural anthropology from many other Western social sciences.

Conferences and Events

assistive technology , inclusive design , workshops , inclusive products , rehabilitation robotics

Conferences, meetings and workshops are an important part of the technological enterprise. Most conferences fit in a category for conferences in a specific area of technology. These categories are listed as links from the Science:Technology:Conferences category, which also lists sites for broad-spectrum scientific meetings and for organizations that conduct meetings in a wide range of fields.

Neptune

neptune , new planet , planet , uranus , adams

Dinosaurs

dinosaurs , bipedal archosaurs , various groups , ancestors , luis rey

Dinosaurs were a focus of interest for people for hundreds of years before the release of "Jurassic Park." These fascinating Mesozoic reptiles were one of the first fossil groups to have a major presence on the internet, and the number of dinosaur websites grows every day. This category contains a wide variety of dinosaur websites, from children's art sites to highly technical taxonomic sites.

Neurobiology

mitochondrion , neuron , protons , neurons , phase

Neurobiology is he branch of biology that studies the structure, functions and diseases of the nervous system of all animals, including humans.

Biophysics

water molecules , major groove , minor groove , energy source , protein

Biophysics is the application of physical principles, both classical and modern, to problems involving biological systems.

Differential Equations

differential equations , equations , solutions , equation , differential equation

Differential equations relate functions of several variables to derivatives of the functions. Such equations are often used in the sciences to relate a quantity to its rate of change.

Information Theory

information theory , system , linear complexity , sequence , algorithm

Encyclopedia Britannica's says that "the chief concern of information theory is to discover mathematical laws governing systems designed to communicate or manipulate information. It sets up quantitative measures of information and of the capacity of various systems to transmit, store, and otherwise process information. Some of the problems treated are related to finding the best methods of using various available communication systems and the best methods for separating the wanted information, or signal, from the extraneous information, or noise". The study of information theory is also concerned with the definition of notion of information in a general sense and with a unified information theory that is supposed to contain all the statements of existing information theories.

Quantum Mechanics

quantum mechanics , particle , quantum theory , system , photon

The physics which describes subatomic systems and interactions of elementary particles.

Organizations

computer science , computers , research , cssa , cfp

This category contains sites for groups that facilitate the growth and development of Computer Science.

Directories

computer science , workshop , resource , software , computer architecture

Theoretical Biology

theoretical biology , phd student , theoretical biologist , biology , theoretical biologists

Theoretical biology has the goal of explaining the biological world by formulating theories. Mathematical biology is closely related.

Conferences

international conference , ifip , functional programming , workshop , proceedings

Feminist Philosophy

feminist philosophers , feminist philosophy , sexuality , aristotle , cyberspace

Institutions

research , neuroscience , university , computational neuroscience , program

Education and Seminars

clients engage , employees , consumers , results-based consulting , privacy policy

Men's Studies

gender , masculinity , hegemonic masculinity , new york , university

Both academic and other sites which provide findings, research, and studies of men and the issues affecting men. Includes treatments of men and masculinity in history, theater and film, literature and cultural studies.

Binary Stars

double stars , accretion disk , main sequence , orbit , luminosity

Neutron Stars

neutron star , neutron stars , pulsar , pulsars , neutron

Statistical Mechanics

statistical mechanics , system , medium , particle , equation

Statistical mechanics is the application of statistics to the field of mechanics. It relates the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials, hence explaining thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics and (classical or quantum) mechanics. It can, for example, predict the thermodynamic properties of bulk materials from the spectroscopic data of individual molecules.

Sociobiology

evolutionary psychology , species , evolution , sociobiology , digit ratio

Macroeconomics

journal , federal reserve bank , international economics , university , monetary policy

This category contains web resources related to macroeconomics.

Elliptic Curves and Modular Forms

elliptic curves , elliptic curve , tex dvi , modular forms , automorphic forms

Elliptic Curves are related to the solutions to equations y^2 = x^3 + A x + B in the field of rationals, algebraic extensions of the rationals, p-adic rational numbers, or a finite field. They are used in factorization of integers and also played a role in the recent resolution of the conjecture known as Fermat's Last Theorem.

Alternative Political Systems

english , government , tychiformation , democracy , venice

Description Proposed systems for determining governance and/or policy which differ from and are offered as potential replacements for existing political systems.

Pharmaceutical

drug carriers , drug delivery , drug , pharmaceutical sciences , delivery

Philosophy of Science

science , theories , hempel , dn model , reduction

The philosophy of science is concerned with the philosophical interpretation and study of the natural sciences, in particular, physics, biology, and mathematics.

Classical Mechanics

classical mechanics , newton , particle , orbit , velocity

Non-quantum and non-relativistic physics. Study of motion of "bodies" - physical objects. Concepts involved: force, velocity, acceleration, etc.

Aesthetics

judgments , aesthetics , kant , enchantment , art

Philosophy of art, or aesthetics, is the branch of philosophy examining the nature of art and of the experience of art. Art, in this context, is broadly conceived as including the visual arts, literature, poetry, music, and dance.

Medicine

university , new york , electricity , microscope , doctor

Coding Theory

coding theory , mathematics , codes , convolutional codes , rs codes

Coding Theory is the mathematical study of error-detection and error-correction in communication systems.

History of Philosophy

plato , aristotle , schopenhauer , social sciences , david hume

Western philosophy has a long and varied history, dating back to the pre-Socratic philosophers of ancient Greece. The category for history of philosophy is dedicated to sites and pages which deal with the history of philosophy in general or a separate period, rather than with a particular topic or a particular philosopher.

Actuarial Science

actuary , actuaries , actuary.net webmaster , net webmaster , actuarial discussion forum

This category is for any site related to actuarial science and the actuarial profession, members of whom are called actuaries. What is an actuary? Consider the following description from BeAnActuary.com: "Actuaries put a price tag on future risks. They have been called financial architects and social mathematicians because their unique combination of analytical and business skills is helping to solve a growing variety of financial and social problems. Actuaries make financial sense of the future. How? An actuary applies mathematical models to problems of insurance and finance. To be more specific, actuaries improve financial decision making by developing models to evaluate the current financial implications of uncertain future events. If you've never met an actuary, that's not unusual. The actuarial profession numbers only about 19,000 people in North America. But don't let that small number fool you. Actuaries put their special problem-solving skills to work in many different business situations, and their work has had an influence on people's lives for more than a century. Actuaries make a difference. Their calculations and projections are the backbone of the insurance and financial security industries. Actuarial work involves lots of math, but actuaries must also be up-to-date on business issues and trends, social science, law, and economics. In other words, actuaries have a well-rounded business approach to problem solving. And they must be good communicators to explain things to nonactuaries. Actuaries are key players on a company's management team. They are well paid, and they like what they do for a living."

Neutrino

neutrinos , neutrino , university , frederick reines , particle physics

Neutrinos are some of the most dificult to observe elementary particles. They interact only weakly. Most of them escape without detection, only a tiny fraction of them can be seen. There are three kinds of neutrinos: electron neutrino, muon neutrino and tau neutrino. Neutrinos can oscillate i.e. they can change their identity in flight and transform from one kind of neutrino into another kind of neutrino. Sources of observed neutrinos include: nuclear reactors, accelerator beams, radioactive sources, secondary particles created by interaction of cosmic rays in the atmosphere, Sun, supernovae. Other possible soruces are: dark matter, gamma ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, relic neutrinos, Earth interior.

Black Holes

black holes , black hole , event horizon , general relativity , gravity

This category is dedicated to sites about black holes - ultra-compact astronomical objects that are predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity, whose gravity is so strong that not even light can escape.

Animal Behavior

species , evolution , females , predators , cognitive ethology

This category contains sites covering the many kinds of interactions that occur between animals, their physical habitat and their biological world. Behavior is the interface of the animal with its environment. The scientific study of animal behavior is Ethology.
Ethologists ask such questions as: By what means is the behavior produced? Of what use is it to the animal? How did it develop? What is its evolutionary history?

Cybernetics

cybernetics , systems theory , system , systems , understanding whole systems

Cybernetics, the theory of intercausal networks underlaying communication and organization processes in dynamical systems, forms a metatheoretical superstructure for individual subdisciplines as systems theory, communication theory, connectionism or decision analysis. Yet, applied cybernetics serves as auxiliary science for practical fields as biology, psychology, medicine and technology. Complemenatary to this sectoral segmentation cybernetics can be classified into several layers. The inner layer is formed by general theoretical cybernetics (K1) that finds its concretization in the investigation of the realities (K2). Among the K2 the above mentioned subdisciplines (as general systems theory, control theory, information theory or game theory) are to be counted. Practical applications of cybernetics (biological cybernetics, control systems technology, computer science etc.) fall into the external layer (K3). Founded by von Foerster 'Second-order cybernetics' denotes a progressive intellectual movement within cybernetics and systems thinking that reached fruition in the 1970's. The most common explanation for the movement's agenda is that it turned the principles of cybernetics upon cybernetics itself. In second-order cybernetics, the observer of a system must be described and explained as well as the system observed. Practicability and consistent links to microtheories of the applied sciences are critical for the K3's success.

Dynamical Systems

dynamical systems , vector field , dialog box , complete paper , atmospheric flows

Semantics

quantification theory , logical form , semantics , natural languages , natural language

The philosophical and scientific study of meaning. Sometimes considered to be the same thing as semiotics, semology, or semasiology, which have overlapping meanings. This is a relatively new field of study, and several pioneers who largely worked independently of one another each felt the need to coin a new name for the new discipline, resulting in a variety of terms for the same subject. The word semantics is widely preferred as the name for the doctrine of meaning, particularly linguistic meaning. Semiotics denotes the study of sign-using behaviour in general. -- Based on britannica.com entry

Industrial Engineering

scientific management , taylor , development , management , articles

Industrial engineering is the application of engineering methods and the principles of scientific management to the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information equipment and energy.

Benford's Law

benford , first digit , zipf , law , distribution

Benford's Law is related to statistics and may also be called "The first Digit Law" . It states that the first digits of a natural set of numbers follow a certain trend, example; The "% frequency" of number "1" as the first digit or leding digit is "%30.10" ; number "2" is "%17,61"....etc.

Analysis

differential equations , functions , lebesgue integral , gamma function , system

Functional Analysis

university , functional analysis , operator algebras , germany , operator

Topological and normed linear spaces and algebraic structures. Banach and operator algebras.

Perfect Numbers

perfect numbers , perfect number , sequences , amicable pairs , aliquot sequence

Properties based on the sum-of-divisors function s(n), including perfect and multiperfect numbers, aliquot sequences, amicable pairs and sociable chains.

Computational Geometry

computational geometry , geometric computing , voronoi diagrams , computational geometry community , strategic directions

Computational geometry is in some sense the intersection of computer science and geometry, studying efficient algorithms for solving geometric problems.

Infinity

infinity , natural numbers , fractions , context , actual infinity

Used in many context, infinity can have many meanings. The sequence of natural numbers, 1, 2, 3, ..., is said to be infinite. In geometry, the number of points on a line is said to be infinite. Time is often assumed to be infinite, in the sense that it had no beginning, or will have no end, or both. Space is often assumed to be infinite in extent. Infinity is not bound by the basic rules and axioms of math and can destroy logic in arithmetic.

Gallium

gallium , pure gallium , periodic table , plutonium , boisbaudran

Iridium

iridium , platinum , osmium , hardening agent , rhodium

Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics

least action , maupertuis , system , principle , quantum mechanics

This is a reformulation of Newton's Laws of Motion, developed by W. R. Hamilton and J. L. Lagrange, using Hamilton's principle of least action and then further analysing the resultant formulae using methods in calculus of variations .

Halogens

halogens , fluorine , chlorine , bromine , electrolysis

The halogens are the elements in group 17 of the periodic table, that is: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.

Ring Theory

division rings , associative rings , modules , quaternions , associative algebras

The algebraic theory of rings.

Zooarchaeology

university , journal , archaeological sites , analysis , specimens

Sites about the study of animal bones and associated faunal remains discovered at archaeological sites. Sites regarding individuals who specialize in zooarchaeology can be found through the Zooarchaeologists @link.

Platinum Metals

platinum metals review , platinum group metals , pgms , periodic table , u.k

Matroids

matroids , coxeter matroids , borovik , cambridge university press , academic press

Matroids, independence structures, geometric lattices. MSC class 05B35.

Fuzzy Logic

fuzzy logic , fuzzy systems , fuzzy sets , soft computing , journal

Difference Equations

difference equations , applications , dynamical systems , differential equations , dynamic equations

The mathematical theory of difference equations (MSC class 39A).

Asia

singing bowls , tibetan singing bowls , certain chakras , sound massage , sound therapy

Analytic Philosophy

analytic philosophy , logical positivism , analytic philosophers , frege , wittgenstein

A tradition stemming from the early 20th century, placing a strong emphasis on clarity and rigorous debate. It is conventionally opposed to "Continental Philosophy."

Epistemology

epistemology , justification , skepticism , coherence theory , proposition

Works of philosophers or others dealing with the limits, sources, nature and methods of human knowledge.

Oceania

clinic , chinese medicine , acupuncture , oriental therapies , five elements

Practitioners and clinics specializing in Traditional Chinese Medicine or Oriental bodywork in Oceania.

North America

tcm , michener institute , acupuncture , research , toronto

Practitioners and clinics specializing in Traditional Chinese Medicine or Oriental bodywork in North America.

Research Centers

scientists , skip menu , research , institute , cib

Better Results, Faster...

Term: theory

Build your expertise and Share it with the world